|
| |
         
-
-
-
-
- Pleomorphic Bacteria
As A Cause Of Hodgkin's Disease
(Hodgkin's lymphoma)
A Review of the Literature
-
By Alan R Cantwell, Jr., M.D.
AlanRCan@aol.com
- 3-24-6
-
-
- Paper Type: Review
-
- Please cite as: Cantwell AR
Jr. Pleomorphic Bacteria as a Cause of Hodgkin's Disease
(Hodgkin's lymphoma): A Review of the Literature. JOIMR
2006;4(1):1
- Published: 21 February 2006
- (C) 2006, by Alan Cantwell,
Jr. M.D.
-
- Abstract
- Hodgkin's disease (HD) is
widely considered a neoplastic disease. However, for more than a
century some investigators have considered HD an infectious
disease, caused by pleomorphic bacteria closely related to the
mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis. A recent report showing
"intracellular bacteria" in HD, as well as a previous
electron microscopic study showing intra- and extracellular
"microorganism-like structures," adds credence to the
idea that bacteria are associated with HD. This communication
provides a review of the largely forgotten literature pertaining
to the complex microbiology of HD. Microphotographs of cell wall
deficient and mycoplasma-like intracellular and extracellular
forms, observed in vivo in acid-fast stained microscopic tissue
sections of HD, are also presented, as previously reported.
-
- Bacteria in Hodgkin's
Disease
- Hodgkin's disease was first
described in 1832 by Thomas Hodgkins. For more than a century HD
was not considered a cancer, but was widely regarded as a
bacterial and infectious disease, possibly related to
tuberculosis.
-
- The cause of HD is unknown.
However, over the past century there have been various reports
implicating "pleomorphic" bacteria, possibly derived
from the so-called "acid-fast" (red-staining)
mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis. Pleomorphic bacteria are
capable of assuming different shapes and sizes. Bacteria
observed and cultured from HD are most commonly described as
intermittently acid-fast round coccus forms resembling common
staphylococci; and rod-shaped bacteria known as corynebacteria
(also called "diphtheroid" bacteria and "propionibacteria")
[1-8].
-
- Hodgkin's Disease
Coexisting with Other Cancers
- HD is considered a form of
cancer affecting the lymphatic system, usually beginning as a
painless swelling of lymph glands (nodes). Later stages of the
disease include fever, persistent fatigue, weight loss, itching,
and night sweats. Some of these clinical signs resemble those of
tuberculosis (TB).
-
- A definitive diagnosis of HD
is made by the pathologist based on the type of cell found on
biopsy. A distinct kind of cell (the so-called "Reed-Sternberg
cell") is a hallmark of this cancer. Carl Sternberg himself
claimed in 1898 that HD was caused by TB bacteria; and Dorothy
Reed noted the frequent association of tuberculosis, even
finding TB and HD in the same lymph node, as quoted by Stewart
[4].
-
- HD and tuberculosis can
coexist in the same patient. A recent report of a Polish case
concluded "the association between HD and TB must be
considered, especially in countries where the latter is endemic.
The diagnosis may be difficult due to similarities in the
clinical course, laboratory tests and imaging procedures"
[9].
-
- HD can also coexist with
sarcoidosis, a disease often affecting the lungs and lymph nodes
and long thought to also have a close relationship with TB and
TB bacteria [10]. Lymph nodes draining cancer can occasionally
show evidence of sarcoidosis.
-
- Recent observations suggest a
closer association between HD and "non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma" than previously recognized [11]. There are about
8000 cases of HD diagnosed yearly in the U.S.; and 55,000 cases
of non-Hodgkin's. Various pathological types of
"B-cell" and "T-cell" non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
can be further divided and classified into aggressive and
non-aggressive, and slow and fast-growing types. Each type of
lymphoma looks slightly different under a microscope and each
carries a different prognosis.
-
- "T-cell lymphoma of the
skin" is also known as mycosis fungoides; and HD and
mycosis fungoides may also coexist together in the same patient
[12]. Pleomorphic acid-fast bacteria similar to those found in
HD have also been reported in mycosis fungoides and
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, by Busni [1-2], Aplas [13-14], and
Cantwell [15-16].
-
- HD is also closely related to
leukemia [17] and Kaposi's sarcoma [18]. French physician
Georges Mazet found acid-fast bacteria in the blood of leukemia
cases in 1962 [19]. AIDS patients have an increased incidence of
both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as a high
incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma [20]. Pleomorphic acid-fast
bacteria have been observed in AIDS-related lymphoma and
Kaposi's sarcoma by Cantwell et al. [21-24].
-
- Before chemotherapy and
radiation treatments were designed for HD, the disease was
uniformly fatal. Now the 5-year survival rate is about 80%.
However, the patient may play a heavy price healthwise for this
standard therapy. Patients who survive radiation treatment for
HD can develop a second related cancer. According to Aisenberg,
deaths from second malignancies are the most important cause of
death other than HD itself [25].
-
- A recent study points to
radiation as causing women survivors of HD to have up to a 40
percent greater risk for breast cancer [26]. HD patients are
also at increased risk for acute leukemia and non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
researchers have found that patients surviving childhood
Hodgkin's disease suffer strokes later in life at rates about
four times that of the general population. They suspect the
radiation used in treating this cancer as a cause [27].
-
- Because the cause of all these
different cancers is unknown, it is assumed there is no
etiologic connection between them. However, cancer microbe
research suggests that infectious pleomorphic bacteria (and
virus-like forms of bacteria) are implicated in many forms of
cancer.
-
- The Microbiology of Cancer
- The microbiology of Hodgkin's
disease is intimately connected with the microbiology of cancer.
The reason for this is that similar bacteria, primarily in the
coccus-like form in microscopic tissue sections, are found in
various forms of cancer. In addition, similar microbes have been
observed in non-cancerous diseases, such as sarcoidosis, lupus
erythematosus, scleroderma, and others [6, 27-31].
-
- Microbiologist Lida Mattman,
in Cell Wall Deficient Forms: Stealth Pathogens, presents
detailed information on the possible role of pleomorphic
bacteria in cancer. A chapter in her book ("Microbes and
Malignancies") contains an excellent single source of
reference material to the microbiology of cancer. Mattman cites
dozens of researchers dating back to 1910 who wrote about
pleomorphic bacteria in HD. [32]
- Important and long-forgotten
contributions to the bacterial etiology of cancer were made in
the 1920s by Scottish obstetrician James Young [33-34], Montana
surgeon Michael Scott [35-36], and Chicago surgeon John Nuzum
[37], all of whom consistently found pleomorphic microbes,
characterized by cocci and unusual stages of growth in culture.
-
- The leading proponents of the
bacteriology of cancer in the last half century are Virginia
Wuerthele-Caspe Livingston, M.D. [38], microbiologist Eleanor
Alexander-Jackson [39], cell cytologist Irene Diller [40-41],
and noted biochemist Florence Seibert [42-43]. Their work is
documented in Livingston's Cancer: A New Breakthrough [44] and
The Conquest of Cancer [45]; and in my books, The Cancer Microbe
[46], and Four Women Against Cancer [47]. Color photographs of
Cantwell's cancer bacteria are published on-line at the Journal
of Independent Medical Research website (www.joimr.org).
-
- During the 1970s and 1980s I
identified bacteria in acid-fast stained tissue sections from HD
patients, carefully studied by use of the ordinary light
microscope, using the oil immersion lens at a magnification of
1000 times. Microphotographs of bacteria in tissue sections of
the heart, lung, lymph nodes, skin, pancreas, cerebrum, bone and
marrow from four HD patients, were reported in 1981, along with
a review of the literature showing bacteria in HD [7-8].
-
- In 1979 I encountered a
56-year-old white man with a rare HD tumor initially confined to
the skin. Intracellular and extracellular coccoid forms were
identified in the deep layers of the skin; and Propionibacterium
acnes - a rod-shaped bacterium with acid-fast granules was
cultured from the skin tumor. Later that year the patient
developed new swellings of lymph nodes diagnosed microscopically
as HD. Similar coccoid forms were seen in the node. Despite
radiation therapy and chemotherapy, he died the following year
from cardiac arrest. At autopsy, the heart showed changes
consistent with "radiation pericarditis." Rare foci of
scattered acid-fast coccoid forms were noted in the lung and
heart. There was no autopsy evidence of HD. However, microbes
were present in the lung tissue sections, as reported in 1984,
by Cantwell and Kelso [8].
-
- Pleomorphic bacteria cultured
from HD and cancer have a "life cycle" that does not
conform to the strict laws of microbiology. Various forms
include cocci and rods, larger round forms similar to yeasts and
spores, and fungus-like forms [33-37]. In addition, there are
smaller, mycoplasma-like forms, and filter-passing virus-like
submicroscopic forms [38].
-
- Of special interest is the
cancer research undertaken in the late nineteenth century by
Scottish pathologist William Russell, who described
variably-sized pleomorphic round forms (some as large as red
blood cells) in cancer tissue, which he believed represented
"the parasite of cancer" [48-49]. These forms are now
well-known to pathologists as "Russell bodies."
Although the exact nature of Russell bodies remains an enigma,
pathologists do not interpret them as microbial in origin [50].
It is my belief that they represent the large round forms of
coccoid bacteria which have lost their cell wall and have become
"mycoplasma-like." Similar-appearing large bacterial
forms of cell wall deficient bacteria in culture are known to
bacteriologists as "large bodies."
-
- According to noted
microbiologist Louis Dienes, "large bodies" are the
connecting link between pleomorphic bacteria and cell wall
deficient "L-forms" (also known as mycoplasma) [51].
Due to the loss of a bacterial cell wall, large bodies vary in
size and can enlarge in culture (in vitro) up to 50 micron in
size. These large forms are many times larger than the standard
size of ordinary bacterial cocci. The largest forms are known as
"giant large bodies." Large body forms of bacteria may
be what Russell observed in cancer and tuberculosis tissue (in
vivo) and interpreted as "parasites." Cantwell
reported "large bodies" in scleroderma and
pseudoscleroderma [52]. Variably-sized "eosinophilic
bodies," frequently found in the tissue of AIDS-related
Kaposi's sarcoma, may also represent large bodies [53].
-
- Russell's "cancer
parasites" may also relate to the cancer microbe research
of Dr. Doyen, a French surgeon who routinely cultured coccoid
forms from various cancers for fourteen years, also in the late
nineteenth century. A brief note on his research ("Dr.
Doyen and the microbe of cancer") appears on pages 126-27
in the Jan 11, 1902, issue of The Lancet, which states,
"The microbe appears in the forms of motile diplococci, one
coccus of which is sometimes four or five times as big as the
other." Doyen called his cancer microbe "micrococcus
neoformans," and like "Russell's parasite" is
long forgotten.
-
- Bacteria as a Cause of
Hodgkin's Disease
- Could the entire medical
establishment, except for a few dissidents, be wrong in
completely rejecting a bacterial cause of HD for more than a
century?
-
- In 2005 the Nobel Prize in
medicine was given to two Australian researchers, microbiologist
Barry J Marshall and pathologist J Robin Warren, who discovered
that stomach ulcers were caused by bacteria that millions of
people carry normally in their stomach. For a century these
bacteria, now identifiable in tissue with a special tissue
stain, went undetected by physicians, all of whom were taught
that bacteria could not live in the acid environment of the
stomach. Now a curative antibiotic treatment has been designed
to treat Helicobacter pylori infection. We also now recognize
that chronic infection with helicobacteria can lead to stomach
cancer, and also to a lymphoma cancer of the stomach, known as
"MALT-lymphoma" (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
lymphoma).
-
- Closely allied to the
microbiology of cancer is recent research showing that human
blood is not sterile. On the contrary, bacteriologists have
discovered that human blood normally contains various species of
bacteria, such as staphylococci, corynebacteria, and others,
some of which are acid-fast [54-58]. There may prove to be an
intimate connection between bacteria in the blood and bacteria
in cancer; and the blood bacteria may also prove to be the
origin of such bacteria.
-
- In 1975, using the electron
microscope, Parmley et al. showed "microorganism-like
structures" in lymph nodes in some untreated patients with
HD. These round forms with "internal composition" were
found within and outside of the cells and resembled mycoplasma
and cell wall deficient bacteria, suggesting "subclinical
infection" [59].
-
- More recently, Swiss
oncologist Christian Sauter and pathologist Michael Kurrer
discovered "intercellular rods" and
"spheres" in six HD patients, by use of a special PAS
stain, a traditional stain used to detect fungal infection of
tissue [60]. They note that many features of HD suggest a
bacterial infection; and that the epidemiology of HD also
suggests a bacterial disease like TB. Sauter and Blum have also
recently noted regression of HD of the lung by use of prolonged
antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin [61].
-
- Sauter and his colleagues
hypothesize that the development of HD may be similar to cancer
in plants, whereby a plant bacterium called Agrobacterium
tumefaciens exchanges genetic material with plant cells to cause
plant crown gall tumors. Their "crown gall" hypothesis
for Hodgkin's disease would explain the clinical observations of
a bacterial infection that behaves like a malignant tumor.
Sauter thinks antibiotic treatment of very early Hodgkin's
disease may be successful before there is a genetic exchange
between the bacteria and human cells.
-
- Microphotographs of
Bacteria in Hodgkin's Disease
- Unlike extremely small
submicroscopic viruses, HD bacteria are large enough to be
observed by use of the conventional light microscope. Therefore,
bacteria can be observed in-vivo in microscopic examination of
cancerous tissue.
-
- Virginia Livingston made a
valuable contribution to the microbiology of cancer by stressing
that the acid-fast stain is the key to the identification and
demonstration of the microbe both in tissue (in vivo) and in
culture (in vitro). Lida Mattman's seminal research delineating
the various forms comprising the "life cycle" of cell
wall deficient bacteria, particularly TB-causing mycobacteria,
are essential contributions to identifying microbes in cancer
[62-63].
-
- In addition, Anna Csillag has
shown that there is a "mycococcus form" of acid-fast
mycobacteria. This small round coccus is an inherent and stable
part of the life cycle of mycobacteria [64]. Mycococcal forms
greatly resemble micrococci and staphylococci and are similar in
size and shape to the coccoid forms regularly seen in vivo in
acid-fast stained tissue sections of HD and cancer.
-
- When searching for TB
mycobacteria, pathologists generally search for acid-fast
red-stained rod-shaped forms of the TB germ. They ignore other
growth forms of the tubercle bacillus, which are the round
coccal forms. These forms are not acid-fast. Thus,
"atypical" forms of TB bacteria and other microbes can
go unrecognized in diseased tissue.
-
- The microphotographs
accompanying this article clearly show round intra- and
extracellular elements in vivo that appear as bacteria. What is
the evidence that such forms are bacteria? First of all, as
mentioned, cocci have been cultured from Hodgkin's disease and
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by various cancer researchers. Secondly:
these coccoid forms in vivo have the size and shape of cocci
cultured in the laboratory (in vitro) from HD. They stain like
microbes, grow and multiply like bacteria, have the appearance
of pleomorphic microbes, invade the cell like bacteria, and kill
like bacteria.
-
- For a century it has been
noted that "normal" lymph nodes may harbor bacteria.
Thus, it may be argued that the finding of bacteria in lymph
nodes of HD might be discounted for this reason. However, the
same appearing microbes in the nodes of HD were also present
found in the skin tumors of HD and in other organs and
throughout the connective tissue at autopsy. The widespread
presence of these coccoid forms strongly suggests the microbe is
involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoma.
-
-
-
-
- Figures 1-3 show coccoid forms
in the skin and lymph node of a previously reported 56 year-old
man with HD of the skin and lymph node [8]. Figures 4 and 5 show
the appearance of the microbe (Propionibacterium acnes) grown
from the skin tumor, when stained with the acid-fast stain and
also with the ordinary Gram's stain used for bacteria. Figure 6
shows the variably-sized round coccoid and spore-like forms seen
in the lungs at autopsy from a reported fatal case of HD in a 15
year-old Latina [7]. Figure 7 shows larger round forms in a
lymph node from Hodgkin's disease, consistent with the
appearance of Russell bodies.
-
-
-
-
- Microphotographs of Russell's
bodies in HD have been reported by Cantwell [6]. Additional
photos of Russell bodies in Hodgkin's disease can be found on
the Internet by Googling: Russell Body + Alan Cantwell.
-
- Is There a Specific
Bacterial Agent in Hodgkin's Disease?
- After a century of
bacteriologic study of HD it is clear that there is no specific
species of microbe connected with the disease. However, in my
view, all cultural isolates showing cocci and pleomorphic forms
should be carefully considered as etiologic suspects,
particularly if the cancerous tissue sections show pleomorphic
forms in vivo.
-
- In my experience cultures from
cancer often appear as common staphylococci, such as S.
epidermidis; or as common corynebacteria. All cultures should be
examined for acid-fastness; and cultures should be examined and
re-examined over a period of time, rather than being discarded
after several days, as is the case with most "routine"
bacterial cultures.
-
- All tissue specimens should be
examined with an acid-fast stain, as that is the staining
procedure that offers the best overall staining of these
bacteria. Acid-fast rod forms are extremely rare; intra- and
extracellular coccoid and granular forms are the common forms.
"Large bodies" can occasionally be observed,
suggesting that the cancer microbe exists in vivo in HD in the
cell wall deficient phase or mycoplasma-like phase. Due to their
size, the largest pleomorphic bacterial forms may be easily
confused with fungal spores and yeasts.
-
- For almost a half century the
late physician Milton W White was convinced that a pleomorphic
fungus caused cancer. In his last communication in 2002 he
referred to the cancer agent as an "intracellular invasive
microbe." He termed the coccoid forms as "seeds"
of an "invasive asexual spore" related to fungi [65].
Abstracts of White's numerous papers on his cancer-causing
"mycococcus," published in Medical Hypothesis, can be
found at the PubMed website.
-
- Most cancer microbe
researchers believe the cancer microbe is a bacterium. However,
years ago I observed in bacterial cultures from scleroderma that
the initial cocci and rod forms of the microbe became more
fungus-like as it aged [30]. The exact identification of this
fungus could not be ascertained, even though my professor, J
Walter Wilson, M.D., was one of the world's leading fungal
experts. In my experience, scleroderma and cancer microbes are
closely related to the acid-fast mycobacteria. And
bacteriologists all agree that mycobacteria are closely related
to the fungal-like "actinomycetes." The word "myco"
is Greek for fungus, thus emphasizing their close relationship.
-
- The Peculiar Microbiology
of Hodgkin's Disease
- The wide range of bacterial
forms found in HD in the early twentieth century was reviewed in
1933 by Andrew Wallhauser, M.D., who cited reports of acid-fast
bacteria, streptococci in the blood, various types of cocci, a
large diplococcus, Staphylococcus albus [now called S.
epidermidis], "curious bodies resembling the spores of
fungus," diphtheroid bacteria (now known also as
corynebacteria and propionibacteria), and filterable forms
called the "tuberculosis virus," and others [3].
-
- Of particular interest was the
HD research of Natalia Busni of the University of Odessa in the
Ukraine, recorded in the German literature in 1928 and 1931
[1-2]. She reported a peculiar organism in 5 cases of mycosis
fungoides (T cell lymphoma of the skin) and 140 cases of "lymphogranulomatosis"
(an older synonym for HD and also for sarcoidosis). The bacteria
initially cultured from HD showed TB-like acid-fast rod forms,
but after 24 hours the rods completely transformed to cocci,
resembling common staphylococci, as quoted by Steiner [5] .
Busni's coccus did not return to the acid-fast rod form in vitro
in the lab, but had to be passed through an animal before it
could be recovered again in its initial acid-fast rod form.
Busni regarded mycosis fungoides and lymphoma as closely
related, and considered them both as bacteremias (blood
infections). Busni's coccus and its derivation from acid-fast
rod-shaped bacteria is reminiscent of Anna Csillag's
non-acid-fast "mycococcus" derived from acid-fast
mycobacteria.
-
- Although such microbes are
still looked upon with disbelief by many bacteriologists, this
pleomorphism is consistent with bacteria cultured and studied by
various cancer microbe researchers over the past century.
Busni's work showing acid-fast bacteria in HD was later
confirmed by Aplas in a series of papers (1959-1963) in the
German literature [13-14], and by Cantwell in 1982 [6-8].
-
- The pleomorphic microbe of
cancer cannot be easily "classified" because it defies
the laws of microbiology. As stated, traditional microbiologists
and pathologists do not believe in "life cycles" for
bacteria.
-
- The famous Russian
microbiologist N A Krasilnikov, in his seminal book, Soil
Microorganisms and Higher Plants, remarks about the
classification of bacteria, particularly the "actinomycetes"
(the bacteria-like and fungal-like microbes), to which the HD
microbe (and the cancer microbe) is closely related. He writes:
-
- The classification of
microorganisms is very unsatisfactory. There is no common
principle of classification in microbiology. The classification
of bacteria and actinomycetes is especially inadequate. This can
be explained by the peculiarity of those organisms, the
simplicity of their structure and growth and lack of external
properties for differentiation.
-
- The bacteria of the genus
Micrococcus are characterized by their spherical shape. Into
this group organisms which in fact belong to coccoid bacteria
are included and also not infrequently specimens of
actinomycetes are included in the genus Mycococcus.
-
- The shortcomings of the
bacteriological classification have their origin in our scant
knowledge of the life of the organisms. In order to be able to
speak of the phylogenetic relations between the organisms, it is
not sufficient to know and study one randomly chosen stage of
the life cycle of the microbe. A thorough knowledge of its
growth, development, structure, reproduction, life cycle,
polymorphism, variability, etc, is needed. In order to obtain
much knowledge, the organism in question should be studied not
only in laboratory conditions but also in natural surroundings.
(italics Cantwell)
-
- The lack of knowledge of the
life cycle of this or another microbe frequently misleads the
investigator. For example for this reason mycobacteria are
considered by some authors as micrococci or as rodlike
bacteria.Krasinikov's full treatise is available free on-line in
the Library section at www.soilandhealth.org.
-
- Cancer, and the
"Human-Bacteria Hybrid"
- Most people do not envision
the human body as immersed in a sea of microbes from internal
and external sources. Our only protection from the trillions of
potentially dangerous bacteria that inhabit our bodies is our
immune system and the grace of God, for want of a better phrase.
-
- There is also recent evidence
that bacteria and human cells constantly "swap genes",
much like the AIDS retrovirus swaps its genetic material with
human cells. Rowan Hooper, writing in Wired News about new
research at Imperial College London, notes: "Most of the
cells in your body are not your own, nor are they even human.
They are bacterial. From the invisible strands of fungi waiting
to sprout between our toes, to the kilogram of bacterial matter
in our guts, we are best viewed as walking 'superorganisms,'
highly complex conglomerations of human cells, bacteria, fungi
and viruses. More than 500 different species of bacteria exist
in our bodies, making up more than 100 trillion cells. Because
our bodies are made of only some several trillion human cells,
we are somewhat outnumbered by the aliens. It follows that most
of the genes in our bodies are from bacteria, too. Luckily for
us, the bacteria are on the whole commensal, sharing our food
but doing no real harm."
-
- Some physicians might expect a
cancer germ to be a specific kind and species of bacterium, but
there is no reason why this should be the case. Physicians also
expect an antibiotic (and radiation) to kill cancer bacteria,
when, in fact, cancer bacteria cannot be eradicated so easily.
Doctors expect a cancer germ to be present in cancer patients,
but not in cancer-free patients. However, Virginia Livingston
and others carefully noted that everyone carries cancer germs.
This is not unlike the millions of healthy Americans who carry
antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in the nose, the same
bacteria that in other people can cause death-threatening
infections unresponsive to any available antibiotic therapy. Or
normal, healthy people who carry cancer-causing bacteria in the
stomach.
-
- I am aware of microbiologists
and pathologists who demand "proof" that these round
forms are microbes. However, I contend that after attending
medical school physicians should be able to recognize bacteria
when they see them. And surely these "forms" reported
for a century should be recognized as significant and studied
carefully. The disinterest of the medical and microbiologic
community in investigating bacteria in HD and other forms cancer
is not in the tradition of good science.
-
- There is no longer any excuse
to be ignorant of research pointing to bacteria as a possible
cause of cancer, particularly when evidence of such bacteria
resides in the medical literature. Previously, the contents of
medical journals were closed to most people who could not gain
entrance to a medical library. By use of Internet search engines
and the PubMed website, published medical literature is now
easily available to everyone via the click of a mouse.
-
- A computer Internet search,
using key words such as: cancer microbe, cancer bacteria,
pleomorphism, and nanobacteria + cancer, provides a good
introduction to the microbiology of cancer. In addition, I
suggest Googling cancer research workers, such as Virginia
Livingston, Erik Enby, Guenther Enderlein, Alan Cantwell, Lida
Mattman, Wilhelm Reich + T Bacilli, Raymond Royal Rife, and
others.
-
- The cancer microbe has a rich
history dating back to the nineteenth century. Anyone interested
in the bacterial cause of cancer and certain other diseases of
unknown etiology would be well advised to explore it.
-
- REFERENCES:
-
- 1. Busni N. Uber die
Verwantschaft der Mycosis fungoides und der Lymphogranulomatose.
Darstellung von Mikroorganismen in Geweben bei experimentellan
Granulomen. Virchow's Arch Pathol Anat. 1931; 280:627-639.
-
- 2. Busni N. Ein Beitrag zur
Atiologie der Lymphogranulomatose. Virchow's Arch Pathol Anat.
1928;268:614-628
-
- 3. Wallhauser A. Hodgkin's
disease. Arch Pathol. 1933; 16:522-562.
-
- 4. Stewart HL. Etiologic
studies in Hodgkin's disease. J Lab Clin Med. 1932;18;281-287.
-
- 5. Steiner PE. Hodgkin's
disease: search for an infective agent and attempts at
experimental reproduction. Arch Pathol. 1934;17:749-763.
-
- 6. Cantwell AR. Variably
acid-fast cell wall-deficient bacteria as a possible cause of
dermatologic disease. In, Domingue GJ, editor. Cell Wall
Deficient Bacteria. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co; 1982.
pp. 321-360.
-
- 7. Cantwell AR. Histologic
observations of variably acid-fast coccoid forms suggestive of
cell wall deficient bacteria in Hodgkin's disease: a report of
four cases. Growth. 1981 Autumn;45(3):168-87.
-
- 8. Cantwell AR Jr, Kelso DW.
Variably acid-fast bacteria in a fatal case of Hodgkin's
disease. Arch Dermatol. 1984 Mar;120(3):401-2.
-
- 9. Centkowski P,
Sawczuk-Chabin J, Prochorec M, Warzocha K. Hodgkin's lymphoma
and tuberculosis coexistence in cervical lymph nodes. Leuk
Lymphoma. 2005 Mar;46(3):471-5.
-
- 10. de Hemricourt E, De Boeck
K, Hilte F, Abib A, Kockx M, Vandevivere J, De Bock R.
Sarcoidosis and sarcoid-like reaction following Hodgkin's
disease. Report of two cases. Mol Imaging Biol. 2003
Jan-Feb;5(1):15-9.
-
- 11. Jaffe ES, Zarate-Osorno A,
Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Medeiros LJ. The interrelationship between
Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Ann Oncol. 1994;5
Suppl 1:7-11.
-
- 12. Park CS, Chung HC, Lim HY,
Kim DL, Koh EH, Kim JH, Roh JK, Chun SI, Yang WI, Kim GE, et al.
Coexisting mycosis fungoides and Hodgkin's disease as a
composite lymphoma: a case report. Yonsei Med J. 1991
Dec;32(4):362-9.
-
- 13. Aplas V.
Tierexperimentelle Untersuchungun zur Virusatiologie der Mycosis
fungoides. Archiv Klin Exp Dermatol. 1963; 205:272-281.
-
- 14. Aplas V. Weiterer Beitrag
sur Atiologie der Mycosis fungoides. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol.
1963; 216:63-70.
-
- 15. Cantwell AR. Variably
acid-fast pleomorphic bacteria as a possible cause of mycosis
fungoides: a report of a necropsied case and two living
patients. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1982 Mar;8(3):203-
-
- 16. Cantwell AR. Variably
acid-fast bacteria in a rare case of coexistent malignant
lymphoma and cutaneous sarcoid-like granulomas. Int J Dermatol.
1982 Mar;21(2):99-106.
-
- 17. Pescarmona E, Pignoloni P,
Mauro FR, Cerretti R, Anselmo AP, Mandelli F, Baroni CD.
Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's disease in patients
with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an immunohistological,
molecular and clinical study of four cases suggesting a
heterogeneous pathogenetic background. Virchows Arch. 2000
Aug;437(2):129-32.
-
- 18. Mazet G. Presence
d'elements alcoolo-acido-resistants dans les moelles leucemiques
et les moelles non-leucemiques. Semaine des Hopitaux. 1962; No 1
et 2:35-38.
-
- 19. Carbone A. KSHV/HHV-8
associated Kaposi's sarcoma in lymph nodes concurrent with
Epstein-Barr virus associated Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Pathol.
2005 Jun;58(6):626-8.
-
- 20. Wood C, Harrington W Jr.
AIDS and associated malignancies. Cell Res. 2005
Nov-Dec;15(11-12):947-52.
-
- 21. Cantwell AR. Kaposi's
sarcoma and variably acid-fast bacteria in vivo in two
homosexual men. Cutis. 1983 Jul;32(1):58-61, 63-4, 68.
-
- 22. Cantwell AR. Necroscopic
findings of variably acid-fast bacteria in a fatal case of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Kaposi's sarcoma. Growth.
1983 Summer;47(2):129-34.
-
- 23. Cantwell AR, Rowe L.
African "eosinophilic bodies" in vivo in two American
men with Kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1985
Apr;11(4):408-12.
-
- 24. Cantwell AR. Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare infection and immunoblastic sarcoma in a
fatal case of AIDS. Growth. 1986 Spring;50(1):32-40.
-
- 25. Aisenberg AC. Problems in
Hodgkin's disease management.
- Blood. 1999 Feb
1;93(3):761-79.
-
- 26. Travis LB, Hill D, Dores
GM, Gospodarowicz M, van Leeuwen FE, Holowaty E, Glimelius B,
Andersson M, Pukkala E, Lynch CF, Pee D, Smith SA, Van't Veer
MB, Joensuu T, Storm H, Stovall M, Boice JD Jr, Gilbert E, Gail
MH. Cumulative absolute breast cancer risk for young women
treated for Hodgkin lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Oct
5;97(19):1428-37.
-
- 26. Bowers DC, McNeil DE, Liu
Y, Yasui Y, Stovall M, Gurney JG, Hudson MM, Donaldson SS,
Packer RJ, Mitby PA, Kasper CE, Robison LL, Oeffinger KC. Stroke
as a late treatment effect of Hodgkin's Disease: a report from
the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep
20;23(27):6508-15.
-
- 27. Cantwell AR. Histologic
observations of variably acid-fast pleomorphic bacteria in
systemic sarcoidosis: a report of 3 cases. Growth. 1982
Summer;46(2):113-25.
-
- 28. Cantwell AR, Kelso DW,
Jones JE. Histologic observations of coccoid forms suggestive of
cell wall deficient bacteria in cutaneous and systemic lupus
erythematosus. Int J Dermatol. 1982 Nov;21(9):526-37.
-
- 29. Cantwell AR, Cove JK.
Variably acid-fast bacteria in a necropsied case of systemic
lupus erythematosus with acute myocardial infarction. Cutis.
1984 Jun;33(6):560-7.
-
- 30. Cantwell AR, Craggs E,
Wilson JW, Swatek F. Acid-fast bacteria as a possible cause of
scleroderma. Dermatologica. 1968: 136;141-150.
-
- 31. Cantwell AR Jr. Histologic
observations of pleomorphic, variably acid-fast bacteria in
scleroderma, morphea, and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Int J
Dermatol. 1984 Jan-Feb;23(1):45-52.
-
- 32. Mattman LH. Microbes and
malignancy. In: Mattman LH. Cell Wall Deficient Forms; Stealth
pathogens, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. pp. 311-321.
-
- 33. Young J. Description of an
organism obtained from carcinomatous growths. Edinburgh Med J.
1921; 27:212-221.
-
- 34. Young J. An address on a
new outlook on cancer: irritation and infection. Brit Med J. Jan
10, 1925, pp 60-64.
-
- 35. Scott MJ: The parasitic
origin of carcinoma. Northwest Med. 1925;24:162-166.
-
- 36. Scott MJ: More about the
parasitic origin of malignant epithelial growths. Northwest Med.
1925;25:492-498.
-
- 37. Nuzum JW. The experimental
production of metastasizing carcinoma of the breast of the dog
and primary epithelioma in man by repeated inoculation of a
micrococcus isolated from human breast cancer. Surg Gynecol
Obstet. 1925; 11;343-352.
-
- 38. Wuerthele Caspe
(Livingston) V, Alexander-Jackson E, Anderson JA, et al.
Cultural properties and pathogenicity of certain microorganisms
obtained from various proliferative and neoplastic diseases.
Amer J Med Sci. 1950; 220;628-646.
-
- 39. Alexander-Jackson E. A
specific type of microorganism isolated from animal and human
cancer: bacteriology of the organism. Growth. 1954
Mar;18(1):37-51.
-
- 40. Diller IC. Growth and
morphological variability of pleomorphic, intermittently
acid-fast organisms isolated from mouse, rat, and human
malignant tissues. Growth. 1962; 26:181-209.
-
- 41. Diller IC, Diller WF.
Intracellular acid-fast organisms isolated from malignant
tissues. Trans Amer Micr Soc. 1965; 84:138-148.
- Seibert FB, Feldmann FM, Davis
RL, Richmond IS: Morphological, biological, and immunological
studies on isolates from tumors and leukemic bloods. Ann N Y
Acad Sci. 1970 Oct 30;174(2):690-728
-
- 42. Seibert FB, Yeomans F,
Baker JA, Davis RL, Diller IC. Bacteria in tumors. Trans N Y
Acad Sci. 1972 Jun;34(6):504-33.
-
- 43. Seibert FB, Farrelly FK,
Shepherd CC. DMSO and other combatants against bacteria isolated
from leukemia and cancer patients.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1967 Mar
15;141(1):175-201.
-
- 44. Livingston (Wuerthele
Caspe) V. Cancer, A New Breakthrough. Los Angeles: Nash
Publishing Corp: Los Angeles; 1972.
-
- 45. Livingston-Wheeler VWC,
Addeo E. The Conquest of Cancer. New York:Franklin Watts; 1984.
-
- 46. Cantwell A. The Cancer
Microbe. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press; 1990.
-
- 47. Cantwell A. Four Women
Against Cancer. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press; 2005.
-
| |